{"id":2189,"date":"2023-09-06T08:30:00","date_gmt":"2023-09-06T06:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/?p=2189"},"modified":"2023-08-21T15:31:21","modified_gmt":"2023-08-21T13:31:21","slug":"la-creation-monetaire","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/la-creation-monetaire\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&rsquo;est-ce que la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire ?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Tout le monde conna\u00eet la monnaie. Tout le monde l\u2019utilise, la manipule au quotidien, en version physique ou d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e. Mais comment est-elle cr\u00e9\u00e9e et par qui\u00a0? Quels sont les enjeux et les cons\u00e9quences de la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire, qui ne se limite pas qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019impression de billets\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u2019est-ce que la monnaie ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Monnaie fiduciaire ou monnaie scripturale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La monnaie n\u2019est pas toujours litt\u00e9ralement palpable&nbsp;! Pour bien comprendre ce qu\u2019est la monnaie, il faut distinguer&nbsp;la monnaie physique de la monnaie d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Les<\/strong> <strong>pi\u00e8ces et les billets<\/strong> \u00e0 cours l\u00e9gal qui constituent la monnaie fiduciaire&nbsp;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Et la monnaie scripturale qui d\u00e9signe <strong>les \u00e9critures sur les comptes bancaires<\/strong> (les sommes indiqu\u00e9es sur un relev\u00e9 de banque, par exemple) et qui se trouve au c\u0153ur des effets sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quelle que soit sa forme, la monnaie remplit trois fonctions&nbsp;:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Unit\u00e9 de compte&nbsp;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>R\u00e9serve de valeur qui permet d\u2019\u00e9pargner du pouvoir d\u2019achat&nbsp;;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Interm\u00e9diaire des \u00e9changes (moyen de paiement).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Aristote fut le premier \u00e0 th\u00e9oriser ces fonctions bien avant notre \u00e8re, entre 335 et 333 av. JC.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qui cr\u00e9e la monnaie&nbsp;?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Plusieurs acteurs interviennent dans la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire&nbsp;: <strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/a-quoi-servent-les-banques-centrales\/\">les banques centrales<\/a> et les banques commerciales<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Les banques centrales cr\u00e9ent la monnaie fiduciaire (frappe de pi\u00e8ces et impression de billets) et influencent la cr\u00e9ation de monnaie scripturale en fonction de leurs politiques.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Les banques commerciales cr\u00e9ent quant \u00e0 elles de la monnaie scripturale lorsqu\u2019elles accordent des cr\u00e9dits aux entreprises et aux particuliers.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><mark style=\"background-color:#ffffff\" class=\"has-inline-color has-vivid-cyan-blue-color\"><strong>La cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire en chiffres<\/strong><br>&#8211; <strong>14\u00a0696 milliards d\u2019euros<\/strong>\u00a0: masse mon\u00e9taire en circulation dans la zone euro (fin d\u00e9cembre 2021)\u00a0;<br>&#8211; <strong>91 %<\/strong>\u00a0: part de la monnaie scripturale en circulation dans la zone euro\u00a0;<br>&#8211; <strong>57 %<\/strong>\u00a0: part des paiements en carte bancaire en France.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Qu\u2019est-ce que la \u00ab planche \u00e0 billets \u00bb ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u00c0 l\u2019origine, la planche \u00e0 billets n\u2019est autre que le dispositif technique permettant d\u2019imprimer des billets de banque. Un m\u00e9canisme de cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire, en somme. Et c\u2019est pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment de l\u00e0 que vient l\u2019expression&nbsp;\u00ab&nbsp;faire tourner la planche \u00e0 billets&nbsp;\u00bb&nbsp;!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Quand une banque centrale fait marcher cette fameuse planche \u2013 et donc cr\u00e9e de la monnaie \u2013 elle le fait de mani\u00e8re virtuelle, pr\u00e9tendument pour relancer l\u2019\u00e9conomie sur d\u00e9cision de l\u2019\u00c9tat. La monnaie ainsi cr\u00e9\u00e9e ne repose en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 sur aucune richesse, mais elle permet de financer la dette publique.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/154-1024x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2192\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/154-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/154-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/154-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/154-750x496.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/154.jpg 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment le cr\u00e9dit bancaire contribue-t-il \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire ?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quand \u00ab&nbsp;les cr\u00e9dits font les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts&nbsp;\u00bb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Une autre expression li\u00e9e \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire. \u00ab&nbsp;Les cr\u00e9dits font les d\u00e9p\u00f4ts&nbsp;\u00bb indique que les banques commerciales cr\u00e9ent de la monnaie d\u00e8s lors qu\u2019elles accordent des cr\u00e9dits. En d\u2019autres termes, le montant de l\u2019emprunt devient visible sur le compte bancaire de l\u2019entreprise ou du particulier sous forme de monnaie scripturale (le d\u00e9p\u00f4t). D\u00e8s lors que la somme est r\u00e9inject\u00e9e dans l\u2019\u00e9conomie, on consid\u00e8re que la monnaie a \u00e9t\u00e9 cr\u00e9\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Mais il existe des limites \u00e0 la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire par les banques<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Les banques commerciales ne peuvent pas cr\u00e9er de la monnaie en toute libert\u00e9 ni de mani\u00e8re illimit\u00e9e. Elles sont en effet soumises \u00e0 des r\u00e9glementations qui leur impose un minimum de prudence&nbsp;: les banques ne doivent pas et ne peuvent pas prendre trop de risques en accordant des cr\u00e9dits.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour cela, elles doivent s\u2019en tenir \u00e0 un ratio de solvabilit\u00e9 de 8&nbsp;% entre leurs fonds propres et le montant de leurs engagements. Elles analysent \u00e9galement les capacit\u00e9s de remboursement des clients qui sollicitent des cr\u00e9dits, au moyen de proc\u00e9dures internes. Si le risque de d\u00e9faut de paiement est jug\u00e9 trop important, l\u2019emprunt est refus\u00e9 et la banque ne cr\u00e9e pas de monnaie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Le r\u00f4le de la banque centrale dans la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire et l\u2019\u00e9conomie<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Les cons\u00e9quences des politiques mon\u00e9taires sur la cr\u00e9ation de monnaie scripturale<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outre l\u2019\u00e9mission de monnaie fiduciaire, les banques centrales conduisent les politiques mon\u00e9taires au sein d\u2019un \u00c9tat ou d\u2019une zone mon\u00e9taire. C\u2019est le cas de la BCE, Banque Centrale Europ\u00e9enne, ou de la FED, R\u00e9serve f\u00e9d\u00e9rale des \u00c9tats-Unis. <strong>Elles ne cr\u00e9ent pas directement la monnaie scripturale, mais r\u00e9gulent la masse mon\u00e9taire en circulation et fixent les taux d\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat directeurs<\/strong> (taux auxquels les banques commerciales empruntent aupr\u00e8s de la banque centrale). En faisant varier ces taux \u00e0 la hausse ou \u00e0 la baisse, une banque centrale agit aussi sur les taux auxquels les entreprises et particuliers empruntent aux banques. Par extension, <strong>elle influence les capacit\u00e9s d\u2019emprunt et la cr\u00e9ation de monnaie<\/strong>&nbsp;: lorsque les taux montent, les cr\u00e9dits ralentissent. Quand ils baissent, la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire est stimul\u00e9e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/155-1-1024x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/155-1-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/155-1-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/155-1-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/155-1-750x496.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/155-1.jpg 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quels sont les effets des interventions de la banque centrale sur l\u2019\u00e9conomie ?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Prenons l\u2019exemple de la zone euro o\u00f9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/pourquoi-les-banques-centrales-achetent-elles-de-lor\/\">la BCE a pour mission<\/a> d\u2019assurer la stabilit\u00e9 des prix en visant un taux d\u2019inflation \u00e0 2&nbsp;% \u00e0 moyen terme (pour rappel&nbsp;: 6,1&nbsp;% en juin 2023). Lorsqu\u2019elle fait varier les taux directeurs, elle joue sur d\u2019autres canaux avec des cons\u00e9quences sur le pouvoir d\u2019achat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">C\u2019est aussi le moment o\u00f9 l\u2019on reparle de la planche \u00e0 billets&nbsp;! D\u00e9cider de la faire marcher au sens figur\u00e9 demeure une strat\u00e9gie risqu\u00e9e. Cette cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire sans cr\u00e9ation de richesse entra\u00eene une hausse des prix, une d\u00e9valuation de la monnaie et une situation d\u2019inflation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire et le cours de l\u2019or<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Impossible d\u2019\u00e9voquer la monnaie sans parler du m\u00e9tal pr\u00e9cieux qu\u2019est l\u2019or, qui fut utilis\u00e9 depuis la nuit des temps sous forme des pi\u00e8ces comme monnaie d\u2019\u00e9change. De nos jours, depuis la fin des accords de Bretton-Woods et de l\u2019\u00e9talon-or en 1971, il n\u2019existe plus de lien entre la cr\u00e9ation de monnaie et l\u2019or. La monnaie n\u2019est plus adoss\u00e9e \u00e0 un actif tangible qu\u2019est le m\u00e9tal jaune, ce qui tend \u00e0 affaiblir sa fonction de r\u00e9serve de valeur.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pour autant, <strong>le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/cours-or\">cours de l\u2019or<\/a> demeure influenc\u00e9 par les politiques mon\u00e9taires et la cr\u00e9ation de monnaie<\/strong>. On dit qu\u2019il est contracyclique&nbsp;: l\u2019or ne perd pas de valeur en temps de crise. Au contraire, il aurait m\u00eame tendance \u00e0 en prendre. Ainsi, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/comment-est-calcule-le-cours-de-lor\/\">le cours de l\u2019or suite des tendances haussi\u00e8res<\/a> en p\u00e9riodes d\u2019inflation et de d\u00e9valuation de la monnaie (particuli\u00e8rement quand le cours du dollar baisse). Il est \u00e9galement influenc\u00e9 par les variations des taux directeurs. Quand la Fed monte les taux, le cours du dollar remonte et l\u2019or est d\u00e9laiss\u00e9 au profit d\u2019autres investissements plus favorables.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"677\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/156-1024x677.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2193\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/156-1024x677.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/156-300x198.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/156-768x508.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/156-750x496.jpg 750w, https:\/\/www.aucoffre.com\/academie\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/08\/156.jpg 1068w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Tout le monde conna\u00eet la monnaie. Tout le monde l\u2019utilise, la manipule au quotidien, en version physique ou d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e. Mais comment est-elle cr\u00e9\u00e9e et par qui\u00a0? Quels sont les enjeux et les cons\u00e9quences de la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire, qui ne se limite pas qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019impression de billets\u00a0? Qu\u2019est-ce que la monnaie ? Monnaie fiduciaire ou monnaie [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21,"featured_media":2190,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"subtitle":"","format":"standard","video":"","gallery":"","source_name":"","source_url":"","via_name":"","via_url":"","override_template":"0","override":[{"template":"8","single_blog_custom":"","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"0","layout":"no-sidebar-narrow","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"bottom","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_share_counter":"1","show_view_counter":"1","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author":"0","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_category":"1","show_post_reading_time":"1","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","show_prev_next_post":"1","show_popup_post":"1","number_popup_post":"2","show_author_box":"1","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"0"}],"override_image_size":"0","image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post":"0","trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post":"0","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","sponsored_post_name":"","sponsored_post_url":"","sponsored_post_logo_enable":"0","sponsored_post_logo":"","sponsored_post_desc":"","disable_ad":"0"},"jnews_primary_category":{"id":"","hide":""},"jnews_social_meta":{"fb_title":"","fb_description":"","fb_image":"","twitter_title":"","twitter_description":"","twitter_image":""},"jnews_override_counter":{"override_view_counter":"0","view_counter_number":"0","override_share_counter":"0","share_counter_number":"0","override_like_counter":"0","like_counter_number":"0","override_dislike_counter":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[81],"tags":[141,87],"niveau":[130],"class_list":["post-2189","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economie","tag-curiosite","tag-economie","niveau-debutant"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que la cr\u00e9ation mon\u00e9taire ?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Tout le monde conna\u00eet la monnaie, l\u2019utilise, la manipule au quotidien, en version physique ou d\u00e9mat\u00e9rialis\u00e9e. 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